Iran carried out at least 1,922 executions in 2025, more than twice the number recorded the previous year and the highest figure documented in over a decade, according to a new annual report published by a US-based human rights group.
The report by the Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA), covering the period from January 1 to December 20, said executions rose by 106% compared with 2024, marking a sharp escalation in the use of capital punishment by Iran’s judiciary.
At least 10 executions were carried out in public, the report said, while the vast majority were conducted behind closed doors.
95% of executions, according to the findings, were not officially announced by Iranian authorities or state-affiliated media, underscoring what HRANA described as a systematic lack of transparency.
In addition to those executed, at least 168 people were newly sentenced to death in 2025, while Iran’s Supreme Court upheld death sentences in at least 56 cases.
Of those executed whose gender could be confirmed, 1,681 were men and 59 were women. The gender of roughly 10% of those put to death could not be verified due to limited official information, HRANA said.
Drug and murder cases dominate
Executions, the report found, were overwhelmingly linked to two categories of charges. Murder cases accounted for 47.55% of executions, while 46.10% were related to drug offences.
Human rights organizations have long criticized Iran’s use of the death penalty for narcotics-related crimes, arguing that such cases often involve unfair trials and disproportionately affect poorer and marginalized communities.
HRANA also documented the execution of at least two individuals who were under the age of 18 at the time of the alleged offences, placing Iran among the few countries worldwide that continue to carry out executions of juvenile offenders, in violation of international law.
Prisons and provinces most affected
Executions were unevenly distributed geographically. The highest numbers were recorded in Alborz province, which hosts Ghezel Hesar prison – one of the country’s main execution sites – followed by Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Fars and Lorestan provinces.
The prisons with the highest number of executions included Ghezel Hesar in Karaj, Dastgerd prison in Isfahan, Adelabad prison in Shiraz, Vakilabad prison in Mashhad and Dieselabad prison in Kermanshah, the report said.
HRANA’s data shows that executions declined between 2015 and 2020, before rising sharply from 2021 onward, reaching a peak in 2025.
Part of broader repression
The report placed the surge in executions within a wider pattern of human rights violations. In 2025, HRANA recorded at least 2,606 protests and strikes across Iran, including more than 2,100 protest gatherings and over 400 labor strikes, many linked to unpaid wages, inflation and deteriorating living conditions.
It also documented thousands of cases of prisoners’ rights violations, including prolonged detention without trial, denial of medical care, solitary confinement and transfers to unsuitable detention facilities.
The increase in executions has drawn international concern. Earlier this month, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution condemning Iran’s human rights record, with particular emphasis on capital punishment. Mai Sato, the UN special rapporteur on human rights in Iran, has warned that the scale and secrecy of executions could amount to crimes against humanity.
Institutions and officials linked to rights violations
In another section of its report, HRANA identified state institutions and officials most frequently linked to reported human rights violations in 2025, based on data collected throughout the year.
A total of 480 legal entities affiliated with different branches of the Islamic Republic, according to HRANA, were identified as human rights violators. Among them, 10 institutions accounted for the highest number of recorded cases over the past year.
The Ministry of Intelligence topped the list with 231 reported cases, followed by the Intelligence Organization of Iran’s Law Enforcement Forces (FARAJA) with 172 cases, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps with 146 reports.
Judicial bodies also featured prominently. Branch 26 of Tehran’s Revolutionary Court was linked to 42 cases, followed by Evin Prison with 36 reports and Branch 36 of Tehran’s Court of Appeal with 24 cases.
HRANA also identified individuals who, based on documented cases, played the most direct roles in human rights violations. These figures, the report said, were predominantly judicial officials who contributed through issuing verdicts, handling cases or playing key roles in judicial and security processes.
According to the data, those named include Iman Afshari, Abbasali Houzan, Mohammad Taghi Taghizadeh, Mostafa Azizi, Abolghasem Salavati, Sajjad Dousti, Mohammadreza Tavakkoli, Qasem Hosseini Kouhkamarei, Ahmad Darvish-Goftar and Ali Ansari.
The investigation documented at least six extrajudicial killings and 11 cases of detention involving Afghans expelled from Iran, though the outlet said the true number of victims is likely higher. Families of those killed or detained have blamed the Taliban, describing a recurring pattern of violence against people forcibly returned from Iran.
The findings come amid a sharp rise in deportations following the announcement of a ceasefire in a 12-day war in June by US President Donald Trump. According to the International Organization for Migration, more than 500,000 Afghan nationals were expelled from Iran between June 24 and July 9 alone. Iran’s Interior Minister Eskandar Momeni later said about 1.5 million Afghans had been deported this year.
Targeted after forced return
Many deportees, Afghanistan International said, were refugees at immediate risk, including former government officials, journalists and civil society activists who fled Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover in 2021. Several were killed or detained shortly after their return.
Among the cases documented was the killing of Kamin Jan, a former interior ministry employee, who was shot dead in Takhar province in October 2025, weeks after being deported from Iran. Two weeks earlier, the body of another former Afghan soldier who had also been expelled from Iran was found in Farah province.
In another case, the body of Gul Ahmad, a former interior ministry employee, was discovered in Farah in October 2025 after he was taken from his home by armed men carrying Taliban intelligence identification cards. His family said he was held for more than three months before his body was returned.
A similar incident occurred in Kabul, where the body of Abdulwali Naimi, a former Afghan special forces officer from Panjshir province, was found in September 2025, two weeks after his deportation. International organizations, including the United Nations, have reported sustained retaliatory attacks against former Afghan security personnel since the Taliban takeover.
One day after deportation
Some deaths followed almost immediately after expulsion. In July 2025, Ezzatullah, a former commander affiliated with the Junbish-e Milli (National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan) party in Sar-e Pol province, was killed just one day after returning from Iran. Ezzatullah had fled to Iran after the Taliban takeover but was forced to leave when his visa expired, a party spokesperson said.
Civil society activists were also targeted. Hamza Ulfat, a former Taliban detainee and civil activist, was shot while fleeing Taliban forces shortly after crossing back from Iran and later died from his wounds.
Detention, torture and silence
Beyond killings, the investigation documented multiple cases of detention and torture. Khal Mohammad, a former Afghan army colonel deported from Iran in October 2022, said Taliban forces tortured him and his elderly mother in separate incidents. Afghanistan International said it reviewed videos and medical records showing signs of abuse.
Despite repeated warnings from human rights groups, Iran has continued deportations. Filippo Grandi, the UN high commissioner for refugees, has called forced returns from Iran and Pakistan alarming, warning they return people to unsafe conditions.
killings extend inside Iran
The investigation comes as Afghan opposition figures have also been targeted inside Iran. On Wednesday, former Afghan police general Ikramuddin Sari was shot dead by masked assailants near his home in Tehran, the second such killing in under four months. Sari, who had served as police commander in Baghlan and Takhar provinces, fled to Iran after 2021 and was an outspoken critic of the Taliban.
His killing followed the September shooting of Maroof Ghulami in Mashhad. People close to both men blamed the Taliban, with an Afghan military source describing the attacks as the start of Taliban “extraterritorial assassinations.” Iranian authorities have not publicly commented on Sari’s killing or released findings from the Ghulami investigation.
Rights advocates say the pattern of violence raises serious concerns about violations of the international principle of non-refoulement, which bars returning individuals to places where their lives or freedom are at risk.
The defendant, identified as Yaghoub Karimpour, a resident of Miandoab in West Azarbaijan province, was arrested by Iran’s intelligence ministry during the 12-day conflict between Iran and Israel earlier this year, the sources said.
Karimpour, born in 1984, was convicted of “corruption on earth” through alleged cooperation with Israel and the transmission of data, they added. He is currently being held in Urmia Central Prison.
According to the sources, Karimpour has denied the charges throughout his detention and trial, saying he had no links to Israel and had not passed any information. They said he told investigators that confessions attributed to him were extracted under coercion.
Iran’s judiciary has not publicly commented on the case, and Reuters was not able to independently verify the allegations.
Iranian authorities have intensified arrests, prosecutions and executions on charges of espionage or collaboration with Israel in the months following the brief war. Officials say the measures are necessary to safeguard national security, while rights groups say the trials often lack transparency and rely on forced confessions.
In recent weeks, Iran has carried out several executions linked to espionage allegations.
Earlier in December, authorities executed Aghil Keshavarz, an architecture student, after convicting him of spying for Israel, state-linked media reported.
The Hengaw human rights organization said that at least 17 people have been executed in Iran this year on charges related to cooperation with Israel, 15 of them after the conflict.
Iranian officials have arrested hundreds of people since the war on suspicion of espionage or collaboration with Israel.
Many of the cases have been pursued under a law passed by parliament in October that broadened definitions of espionage and cooperation with “hostile states,” including Israel and the United States, and allows for capital punishment in a wide range of activities involving alleged information sharing.
Abolfazl Shekarchi, the armed forces’ cultural deputy, said a “wide spy network” had taken shape over several years with significant investment in training and organization.
“A large network of spies and enemy agents had been formed, and years of effort and heavy costs were spent to build it,” Shekarchi was quoted as saying by Iranian state media.
Shekarchi said the arrests started months before the fighting and continued through the end of the war.
“From a few months before the start of this war, because of the readiness in place, until the end of the war, around 2,000 of these agents were arrested,” he said.
He said rebuilding such networks would take time. “Reconstructing a network like this is not simple and requires years of time and cost,” Shekarchi said.
'Severe punishment'
Iran’s judiciary chief also cited roughly the same number of arrests in comments made in July, and said some detainees could face execution if convicted of working with Israel.
“In our law, anyone who cooperates with a hostile state during wartime must be arrested and prosecuted,” judiciary chief Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei said in an interview with state TV.
“Some of these individuals face severe punishments, including the death penalty,” he said, adding that others could receive lighter sentences or be released after investigation.
US cites executions, student case draws rights focus
The US State Department said on Tuesday that Iranian authorities executed more than 17 prisoners within 48 hours, including Aghil Keshavarz, a 27-year-old architecture student convicted of spying for Israel.
“Only in 48 hours, the Islamic Republic regime executed more than 17 prisoners,” the US State Department said in a post on its Persian-language account.
Iran’s judiciary said Keshavarz was executed after the Supreme Court upheld his death sentence and legal procedures were completed.
The execution prompted condemnation on social media and renewed focus by rights groups on Iran’s use of the death penalty in national security cases linked to alleged cooperation with Israel.
The Human Rights Activists News Agency said on Monday that at least 17 people have been executed in Iran over the past two days in prisons across Iran.
