Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi meets UAE counterpart in Dubai

Referring to Iran's foreign archenemies, the US and Israel, the statement specifically laid the blame of the unrest at their door.

“The epic of December 30th was a monumental, faithful, and national movement that stunned the malicious network of American and Zionist conspirators, proving the deep insight and resilience of the Iranian people," it said.

It went on, further detailing how it blames the country's domestic chaos on foreign interference. "With utmost intelligence and resilience, they [the Iranian nation] will navigate through the challenges and difficulties stemming from the enemy’s think tanks, manifesting in threats, sanctions, economic warfare, cognitive warfare, the injection of despair and hopelessness among the people, attempts to portray the system as ineffective, and fear-mongering within society," the statement said.

This year’s statement to commemorate the event of 2009, comes amid rising threats of protest as the country battles its worst economic crisis since the founding of the Islamic Republic and critical shortages of energy.

The December 30th rallies, referred to as the "Dey 9" by Iranian authorities, were organized to counter mass anti-government demonstrations following the disputed presidential election earlier that year.

Protests erupted over accusations of electoral fraud that ensured Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial victory. The movement reached a critical point during the Ashura religious observances, where protesters were accused by the government of disrespecting sacred traditions—an allegation authorities used to justify a violent crackdown. The counter-rallies were framed as a show of loyalty to the system and condemnation of dissent.

Iran’s economic difficulties since the 2022 uprising, sparked by the death in morality police custody of Mahsa Amini, for not wearing her hijab properly, have only deepened, making the risk of further protests ever more likely.

The rial has lost nearly 50% of its value over the past year, now trading at approximately 820,000 rials per dollar. This devaluation has been coupled with soaring prices and critical shortages, including routine winter blackouts and natural gas deficits that have left millions struggling.

"The economic situation has reached a breaking point for many families,” a Tehran-based economist told Iran International on condition of anonymity. “The government appears incapable of reversing the downward spiral, which only fuels resentment.”

Externally, Tehran faces mounting pressure as Israel intensifies its actions against Iranian military allies across the region and direct strikes on Iran as the two nations continue their tit-for-tat war.

"The Israeli regime's claim that martyr Haniyeh was assassinated using a bomb at his official residence in Tehran is completely baseless," Hamas said in a statement.

The group added that joint investigations with Iranian security agencies revealed the operation involved a 7.5-kilogram guided missile that directly targeted Haniyeh's mobile phone.

On Saturday, Israel’s Channel 12 reported that an explosive device was planted in advance in Haniyeh's bedroom in the Neshat compound of the Revolutionary Guards, before an air conditioning malfunction almost jeopardized the entire operation.

"We were expecting positive statements from Tehran”, the leader of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham said as Tehran remains tight-lipped on what happens next. Syria had been a key route to arm its ally Hezbollah in Lebanon, and was strategically critical militarily with bases and military personnel stationed across Syria.

While he expressed hope that Tehran would scale back its military intervention in the region, he said that "a broad segment [of the country] aspires to a positive Iranian role in the region,” the Syrian population having seen both Iran and Russia heavily involved in Syrian affairs since the 2011 civil war.

Referring to the killing of an Iranian embassy worker and the storming of the Iranian embassy on December 8, when rebels took control of Damascus and President Bashar al-Assad fled to Moscow, he told Al Arabiya that the group’s military “did its duty towards the Iranian headquarters despite the injuries”.

It sparked a diplomatic fiasco in Tehran. Foreign ministry spokesman Esmaeil Baghaei said last week that Davood Bitaraf was killed by “terrorists”, shot in his vehicle in Damascus, saying that the Syrian transitional government is responsible for "identifying, prosecuting, and punishing the perpetrators of this crime.”

In a statement to the media, he said: ”The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is seriously pursuing the matter through appropriate channels and various diplomatic and international avenues.”

The new leader, a former member of Al Qaeda, has made no secret of his pleasure at reducing the influence of Iran in Syria, saying that since the fall of Assad, Syria's opposition had “set the Iranian project in the region back by 40 years”.

“By removing Iranian militias and closing Syria to Iranian influence, we’ve served the region’s interests—achieving what diplomacy and external pressure could not, with minimal losses,” he said, referring to Iran’s military allies which span the Middle East.

Unrest in Iran's historic heart of commerce reflects the bleak outlook of the country as it faces dire economic straits. In 1979, protests in the bazaar heralded the onset of the Islamic Revolution which toppled Iran's monarch.

The strike, which began with shoe sellers in the 15th Khordad area, quickly spread to other sectors.

Videos shared with Iran International show merchants in the bazaar chanting “Don’t be afraid, close up,” and “Brave merchants, support, support".

A fabric merchant who joined the protest cited the impact of surging raw material costs, exacerbated by the devaluation of Iran’s currency.

“With the dollar now above 810,000 rials, our expenses have skyrocketed,” the merchant said. “Many workshops have shut down, and even those still running are struggling to sell goods in such a sluggish market.”

The protests soon expanded to key commercial hubs, including Abbasabad Market and Baghe Sepahsalar, known for fabric and shoe vendors.

Hamidreza Rastgar, head of Tehran’s Chamber of Guilds, acknowledged the discontent among manufacturers.

"Producers fear that items priced at these exchange rates will simply be out of reach for most consumers,” he said.

The Iranian rial’s sharp depreciation has had ripple effects across the economy. For merchants, it has created an untenable mix of higher costs and reduced consumer demand as at least one third of Iran is now living below the poverty line.

Security forces were deployed to control the demonstrations and gatherings appeared to have subsided by the end of the day.

There were no immediate reports of violence, but the heavy presence of law enforcement forces highlighted the Islamic Republic's sensitivity to unrest in this economically vital area.

Iran's economy is in its worst state since the founding of the Islamic Republic in 1979, with US-led sanctions over its nuclear program, support for militant groups and arms transfers for Russia's war on Ukraine squeezing the country.

Ali Zeynivand, the political deputy of Iran's Interior Ministry, told the Iranian Labour News Agency (ILNA) on Saturday that individuals behind recent protests against issues such as the easing of internet restrictions, have been summoned and cautioned.

“There have been discussions within the Ministry of Interior regarding the recent rallies,” Zeinivand said. Provincial governors have been instructed to take firm action against protests that could jeopardize national unity and solidarity. All rallies must have official permits in Iran, he added.

Zeynivand’s warning follows growing criticism from political figures and media outlets, who have pointed out that while political parties and groups are routinely denied permits for rallies, ultra-hardliner vigilantes continue to stage protests with impunity against the government whenever and wherever they wish.

It remains unclear whether the Interior Ministry’s move to curb the activities of vigilantes is driven by the President's admiinstration, a higher authority such as the Supreme National Security Council (SNSC), or is a direct directive from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei whose policies guide Iran's key security ministries of interior, intelligence, and defense.

Ultra-hardliners have accused President Masoud Pezeshkian of colluding with Iran's enemies by advocating negotiations with the West to lift crippling sanctions that have devastated Iran's economy.

They also criticize him for what they say is undermining Islamic values by resisting demands to implement a new hijab law and for taking steps to ease internet restrictions.

The group of hardliners also hold Pezeshkian responsible for the lack of a military response to Israeli airstrikes on Iran in October, accusing him of delaying the so-called “True Promise 3” retaliation.

As they look to attribute blame, the president has also become the fall guy for the depreciation of the national currency and the ongoing power outages, which the government attributes to the previous administration’s failure to stockpile fuel for power plants adequately.

Vigilantes have a long record of attacking political meetings and universities, threatening and slandering top officials including presidents and government officials in street rallies and in their media over the years but their recent focus on Pezeshkian’s government has become particularly relentless now, the reformist Arman-e Melli newspaper wrote in an editorial Saturday.

The newspaper’s editorial referred to these actions as ultra-hardliners' “street maneuvers” to pressure the government.

Vigilantes, often linked to the Revolutionary Guards' Basij militia, were behind the high-profile attacks on the British embassy in November 2011 and the Saudi embassy in January 2016, both of which led to significant diplomatic crises for Iran.

Although the perpetrators were well-known to authorities, they were never held accountable for the extensive damage inflicted on Iran's international reputation and relations.

Earlier this week, ultra-hardliners linked to the Paydari (Steadfastness) Party and another group with close ties to the former nuclear negotiator Saeed Jalili announced plans to protest after Friday prayers on motorbikes against the government’s decision to unblock WhatsApp and Google Play. However, reports indicated that turnout for the protest was minimal, with only about a dozen participants.

“The question is, who has allowed them to have such power to be able to cause disruptions in the city, make baseless allegations against authorities, and to insult and threaten them,” the article asked while contending that Pezeshkian’s government will not be able to deal with ultra-hardliners and stop them from harming the system under the name of the revolution by talks and invitation to unity.

Iran's government is grappling with multiple crises, both domestic and international. Abroad, its military stand-off with Israel and the collapse of Bashar al-Assad's rule in Syria have thrown foreign policy into chaos. Direct attacks from Israel have seriously damaged Iran's defense systems while losing its stronghold in Syria has weakened its influence across the region.

Meanwhile, at home, economic challenges such as high inflation and the unprecedented depreciation of the national currency, serious energy shortages, and widespread popular discontent over issues like hijab enforcement and internet filtering still risk sparking further unrest.